Diffusion Imaging is a non-invasive MRI technique that is sensitive to the diffusion of water
molecules. As molecular diffusion is restricted by cell structures (e.g., membranes), it allows
inferences about the microstructural organization of the brain. Moreover, tractography
reconstructions based on Diffusion Imaging can reveal patterns of structural connectivity in
cortical and subcortical brain regions. Limitations on spatial resolution, sensitivity to the
diffusion process (low b-values), and orientation sampling have limited its full potential to
study the human brain until few years ago. Thanks to recent technological developments, a
new generation of MR scanners are now available that are able of collecting data at much
higher spatial and angular resolution, much faster and with stronger diffusion contrasts or
stronger b-values. These technological advancements have opened the door to new and
more sophisticated analysis procedures making diffusion imaging today a very fast evolving
neuroimaging field.